Published: Washington D.C., 1911 The California Gold Rush occurred between 1848 and 1855, but gold mining continues in the state to this day. Placer mining was the initial extraction method, but it was replaced by hydraulic mining of Tertiary gravels in channels, especially in the central and northern Sierra Nevada. In hydraulic mining, high-pressure streams of water were blasted at gravel beds to separate gold from the gravel. The method produced a lot of gold, peaking in the 1870s. However, the debris damaged and polluted streams, which led to prohibitions. Drift mining and dredging followed. Several members of the United […]

Published: Cambridge University Press, 1910 This is the first of three volumes of a monumental work, the result of years of collaboration by philosophical greats Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell (Whitehead’s pupil). Principia Mathematica (a.k.a. “PM”) is a foundational text in mathematical logic. PM set forth an argument for logicism, the idea that all mathematics can be reduced to logic. Whitehead and Russell posit that all mathematical truths can be rendered as logical truths and all mathematical proofs can be also be expressed as logical proofs. It is hard to overstate PM’s influence. It popularized modern mathematical logic and […]

Published: Chicago, 1909 After successfully managing the construction of the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, Daniel Burnham made a name for himself as one of the premier city planners in the United States. His Plan of Chicago, developed with Edward H. Bennett, remains a landmark in the field. The Plan proposes a number of extraordinary ideas, some of which have been forgotten, others that have left their mark on the Chicago cityscape. Few tourists, for example, fail to visit Navy Pier. But did you know that this popular attraction is just one of a pair of piers that Burnham and Bennett […]

Published: Philadelphia, ca. 1908 The MIT Libraries own just a small number of titles aimed specifically at juvenile readers, and those few have generally made it into the collection by virtue of their provenance. A case in point: Harry Castlemon’s Our Fellows, or, Skirmishes with the Swamp Dragoons. Castlemon (real name: Charles Austin Fosdick) was born in New York State in 1842. He was a driving force behind the creation of “series books” for youngsters – a publishing phenomenon that would continue into the present with no end in sight, and come to include such moneymakers as Nancy Drew, The […]

Published: Berlin, 1907 Like yesterday’s featured book, today’s arrived at MIT as part of the Vail Collection just five years after it was published.  But while our 1906 selection was a popularized account of the “wonders of electricity,” Häntzschel’s book provides a much more technical review of everything anyone might want to know about the applications of electricity.  For the visual learners among his audience – in case countless drawings, plans, and photographs aren’t enough – the author has provided two colored diagrams with movable parts, one of an electric automobile motor and another of a steam turbine.  The reader […]

Published: London, 1906 “The present generation, having grown up amidst all these and other wonders, has almost ceased to marvel at them.”  The author here is speaking of the wonders of electricity, but the same sentiment has been expressed about the generations that grew up with radio, with talking pictures, with television, and with computers.  Although electricity was still in its relative infancy in 1906, the technology was already making startling improvements in everyday life.  As Gibson notes, cities could be illuminated, friends could speak across great distances, and motors could be manufactured to run any number of appliances. It’s […]

Published: Leipzig, 1905 Today’s selection is a work of such monumentality that there is essentially nothing new to be said about it. Most people are surprised, though, to learn that it’s a mere three pages long. Albert Einstein was still working as a patent examiner when, in 1905, he experienced his annus mirabilis or “miracle year,” during which he published four history-changing papers in the Annalen der Physik. This is the last of the four, and the briefest. Although the notation itself is different, it is in this paper that Einstein first expressed what’s come to be regarded as the […]

Published: Paris, 1904 In science, the appearance of success can be illusory, and what seems to be a startling achievement may end in embarrassment. Such is the sad case of the N-ray, a particle “discovered” in 1903 by René Blondlot, a distinguished French physicist. Blondlot (1849-1930) published this book as well as 23 separate articles on his exciting discovery. At the time, X-rays were still a fairly recent phenomenon, having been detected and named by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895 — an achievement that earned Röntgen the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. There was glory in the discovery of […]

Published: New York, 1903 “There are two superpowers in the world today …  There’s the United States and there’s Moody’s Bond Rating Service. The United States can destroy you by dropping bombs, and  Moody’s can destroy you by downgrading your bonds. And believe me, it’s not clear sometimes who’s more powerful” – Thomas Friedman on PBS’ NewsHour, 1996 John Moody (1868-1958) was a pioneer in bringing financial information and analysis to the investment world. In 1900 he published his first edition of Moody’s Manual of Industrial and Miscellaneous Securities (shown below) which provided investors with background and basic statistics on […]

Published: New York, 1902 “The sign of the times point most distinctly to a rapidly approaching era in which Man will return to his original food, and by so doing enter into a much happier and more peaceful state of existence upon this planet.” — Stephen H. Beard It’s hard to believe that this idealistic plea for vegetarianism was written in Britain in 1902 rather than, say, California in the 1970s, but it’s true.  At the turn of the 20th century, Britain was in the midst of a food reform movement.  Vegetarianism, once the domain of fringe religious and political […]